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→‎Indexiertes Schalten: Shimano räumt ab: übersetzungsanfang
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===Indexiertes Schalten: Shimano räumt ab===
===Indexiertes Schalten: Shimano räumt ab===
Indexiertes Schalten war keine neue Idee. Man kann die Entwicklung mindestens bis in die 1930er Jahre zurückverfolgen. Das Problem war, es so gut zum funktionieren zu bekommen, dass es den Aufwand wert war. In den frühen 190er Jahren arbeiteten sowohl SunTour als auch Shimano an diesem Problem. SunTour brachte [[Trimec]] System auf den Markt, das als Spielerei bei mittelpreisigen Fahrrädern angeboten wurde. Das funktionierte aber nicht so gut und deswegen wurde es schnell wieder eingestellt.


Indexed shifting was not a new idea. It went back at least to the 1930s. The problem was to get it to work well enough to be worth the trouble. In the early '80s, both SunTour and Shimano were working on the problem. SunTour had a system called "Trimec" which was offered as a gimmick feature on a few mid-range models, but it didn't work too well, and SunTour abandoned it.
Shimanos erster Versuch war das [[Positron]] System. Zu dieser Zeit lieferte Shimano überwiegend Bauteile für [[Baumarktfahrrad|Baumarktfahrräder]] und andere Fahrräder geringer Qualität und man überlegte sich, dass diese Fahrräder zumeist von Leuten gekauft würden, die Schwierigkeiten hätten, das konventionelle [[Reibungsschaltung]]ssystem zu beherrschen. Daher führte man das Positron System für Fahrräder geringer Qualität ein, wo es lange Jahre vor sich hin dümpelte. Bei seinen Versuchen, Schaltvorgänge für Anfänger zu vereinfachen entwickelte Shimano das [[Front Freewheel System]], bei dem der Freilauf in das [[Innenlager]] statt der Hinterradnabe verlegt wurde. Der mutmaßliche Vorteil dieses System war es, dass der Fahrer schalten konnte, ohne weitertreten zu müssen, weil sich die Kette weiterbewegte, während man die Pedale still hielt. (Manchmal wurde das FFS mit Positron, manchmal ohne verkauft, Positron wurde manchmal mit FFS verkauft, manchmal ohne.)


Shimano's first attempt was called "Positron." At the time, Shimano was supplying parts mainly for department-store and other low-end bikes, and reasoned that these bikes were most likely to be bought by beginners, who were the most likely customers to have trouble mastering conventional friction shifting. Thus, Shimano introduced the Positron system on low-end bikes, where it languished for several years. In an effort to make shifting even easier for beginners, Shimano also developed the Front Freewheeling System, where the freewheel was built into the bottom bracket, instead of the rear hub. The putative advantage of this was that it permitted the rider to shift while the bike was coasting, since the chain was in motion even when the rider wasn't pedaling. (The FFS was sometimes used with Positron, sometimes without it; Positron was sometimes used with FFS, sometimes without it.)
Positron war kein großartiger Erfolg. Das lag zum einen daran, dass es nur bei billigen Fahrrädern verbaut wurde und so die Einzelteile des Systems möglichst billig produziert werden mussten. Daher war es schwierig, die Präzision so hinzubekommmen, dass es vernünftig funktionierte. Des weiteren lag es daran, dass das System mit billigen Anfängerfahrrädern assoziiert wurde. daher gab es keine Tendenz, dass diese Technologie in Richtung von Mittelklassefahrrädern durchsickerte. Shimano gab die Produktion von Positron auf, aber nicht die Entwicklung des indexierten Schaltens.


Positron never succeeded in a big way. For one thing, since it was used on cheap bikes, the parts of the system had to be cheap to make, so it was difficult to get the needed precision to make the system work well. In addition, the system became associated with cheapo beginner bikes, so there was no tendency for the technology to "trickle up" to mid-priced bikes. Shimano gave up on Positron, but didn't give up on indexed shifting.
Shimanso nächster versuch, indexiertes Schalten zu vermarkten, ging den gegenteiligen Weg. Diese Strategie wurde ab diesem Zeitpunkt für alle neuen Technologien eingesetzt. Sie starteten bei den besten [[Gruppe]]n und ließen die Technologie nach unten durchsickern.


Shimano's next attempt to market indexing used exactly the opposite approach, an approach which has been followed ever since in Shimano's strategy: Start at the top, then let the technology "trickle down."
Das [[SIS ®]] (Shimano Indexing System) debütierte in der Toprennradgruppe [[Dura Ace]] im Jahr 1984 (oder 1985?) als Sechsgang-Kettenschaltungssystem mit konventionellen Schaltzügen, bei dem die Rastungen in den Schalthebel eingebaut waren. Der Original SIS Schalthebel war ein ergonomisches Meisterstück und er erlaubte es, dass man Indexierung ein- und ausschalten konnte.


S.I.S. (Shimano Indexing System) debuted in the top-of-the-line Dura Ace racing group in 1984 (1985?) as a 6-speed system, using conventional cables, with the detents (clicks) built into the shift lever. The original Dura Ace S.I.S. lever set was a masterpiece of ergonomics, and offered the option of switching the index mode on or off.


At first, many racers laughed at S.I.S., because they already knew how to shift. Some complained that indexing was unsuitable for racing use because the audible click could be heard by one's opponents, so they'd know when you were going to attack. Others objected that the indexing wouldn't work with the spare wheels on the team car that had Regina freewheels on them. None of these objections amounted to much for most riders, and S.I.S. was an instant success. In 1986 it "trickled down" to the 600 EX group, and by 1987 it had become almost impossible to sell a bike with friction-only shifting.
At first, many racers laughed at S.I.S., because they already knew how to shift. Some complained that indexing was unsuitable for racing use because the audible click could be heard by one's opponents, so they'd know when you were going to attack. Others objected that the indexing wouldn't work with the spare wheels on the team car that had Regina freewheels on them. None of these objections amounted to much for most riders, and S.I.S. was an instant success. In 1986 it "trickled down" to the 600 EX group, and by 1987 it had become almost impossible to sell a bike with friction-only shifting.
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(I bought a first-generation Dura Ace shift lever set when they first came out. I didn't think the indexing would amount to much, but I needed a new set of levers, and loved the feel of the Shimano units. Once I had them installed on my favorite bike, with a SunTour Cyclone derailer, Regina Oro 6-speed freewheel on a Campagnolo Record hub, and a Sedisport chain, I couldn't resist trying to get the indexing to work. It wasn't that hard to do, mainly I just needed to install an adjusting barrel in the Cyclone derailer so I could fine-tune the cable tension. This system is still going strong, and indexes just fine.)
(I bought a first-generation Dura Ace shift lever set when they first came out. I didn't think the indexing would amount to much, but I needed a new set of levers, and loved the feel of the Shimano units. Once I had them installed on my favorite bike, with a SunTour Cyclone derailer, Regina Oro 6-speed freewheel on a Campagnolo Record hub, and a Sedisport chain, I couldn't resist trying to get the indexing to work. It wasn't that hard to do, mainly I just needed to install an adjusting barrel in the Cyclone derailer so I could fine-tune the cable tension. This system is still going strong, and indexes just fine.)
===Integration schreitet voran===
===Integration schreitet voran===


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